[
  {
    "id": "ntp",
    "n": 14,
    "cat": "Cancer",
    "kind": "Government animal experiment · 2018",
    "title": "NTP: clear evidence in male rats",
    "citation": "National Toxicology Program. Technical Report 595. 2018. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of 900 MHz GSM- and CDMA-modulated radiofrequency radiation in rats.",
    "url": "https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/publications/reports/tr/tr595",
    "finding": "NTP classified malignant heart schwannomas as clear evidence and malignant brain gliomas as some evidence of carcinogenic activity in male rats. The tested whole-body SARs were 1.5, 3 and 6 W/kg.",
    "request": "Commission an independent health-risk assessment of the NTP tumor findings, with explicit animal-to-human dosimetry and duration assumptions.",
    "q": "5–6, 16–18"
  },
  {
    "id": "ramazzini",
    "n": 13,
    "cat": "Cancer",
    "kind": "Lifetime animal experiment · 2018",
    "title": "Ramazzini: a second heart-tumor signal",
    "citation": "Falcioni L, et al. Report of final results regarding brain and heart tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed from prenatal life until natural death. Environmental Research. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.037.",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29530389/",
    "finding": "Among 2,448 rats exposed to 1.8 GHz GSM far fields, malignant heart schwannomas increased significantly in males at 50 V/m. The reported female glioma increase was not statistically significant.",
    "request": "Evaluate the concordant male heart-schwannoma findings across NTP and Ramazzini, while comparing their distinct field strengths, dosimetry and exposure schedules.",
    "q": "5–6, 15–16"
  },
  {
    "id": "animal-review",
    "n": 17,
    "cat": "Cancer",
    "kind": "WHO-commissioned systematic review · 2025",
    "title": "Animal cancer: high-certainty endpoints",
    "citation": "Mevissen M, et al. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on cancer in laboratory animal studies, a systematic review. Environment International. 2025;199:109482. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109482. See also the 2026 corrigendum, doi:10.1016/j.envint.2026.110368.",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40339346/",
    "extra": [
      "Journal correction",
      "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110368"
    ],
    "finding": "The review included 52 studies and assigned high certainty to increased glioma and malignant heart schwannoma in male rats. Those endpoint-specific findings belong in the health assessment.",
    "request": "Explicitly address the animal endpoints rated high certainty in Mevissen et al., including the correction, and publish the reasoning used to translate them into human-health protections.",
    "q": "5–6, 16–18"
  },
  {
    "id": "fertility",
    "n": 18,
    "cat": "Reproduction",
    "kind": "Systematic review + correction · 2024–2025",
    "title": "Male fertility: the corrected pregnancy finding",
    "citation": "Cordelli E, et al. Effects of RF-EMF exposure on male fertility. Environment International. 2024;185:108509. Corrigendum: 2025;199:109449. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109449.",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40268655/",
    "extra": [
      "Original systematic review",
      "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38492496/"
    ],
    "finding": "The correction raised certainty for reduced pregnancy rate in animal mating studies to high. This concerns pregnancy after exposure of males; it is not a high-certainty finding about all human pregnancy outcomes.",
    "request": "Use the corrected male-fertility assessment and fund independently replicated, blinded reproductive studies with measured exposure and realistic use conditions.",
    "q": "5–6, 11–12, 16"
  },
  {
    "id": "risk-assessment",
    "n": 1,
    "cat": "Standards",
    "kind": "Quantitative risk assessment · 2026",
    "title": "Melnick and Moskowitz: test the safety margin",
    "citation": "Melnick RL, Moskowitz JM. Exposure limits to radiofrequency EMF do not account for cancer risk or reproductive toxicity assessed from data in experimental animals. Environmental Health. 2026;25:42. doi:10.1186/s12940-026-01288-6.",
    "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12940-026-01288-6",
    "finding": "Using benchmark-dose modeling, low-dose extrapolation and uncertainty factors, the authors estimated protective whole-body levels below the 80 mW/kg public limit: differences of 15–900-fold for modeled cancer risk and 8–24-fold for male fertility, depending on assumptions and duration.",
    "request": "Independently reproduce this risk assessment, disclose the dose-response and exposure-duration assumptions, and explain what cancer and reproductive risk the current whole-body limit is intended to protect against.",
    "q": "5–6, 16–17"
  },
  {
    "id": "interphone",
    "n": 2,
    "cat": "Human evidence",
    "kind": "Human case–control program · 2007 / 2010",
    "title": "INTERPHONE: examine the highest-use group",
    "citation": "Cardis E, et al. The INTERPHONE study: design, epidemiological methods, and description of the study population. 2007. PMID:17636416. INTERPHONE Study Group. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2010;39:675–694. doi:10.1093/ije/dyq079.",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20483835/",
    "extra": [
      "2007 design paper in the collection",
      "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17636416/"
    ],
    "finding": "The 2010 results reported a glioma odds ratio of 1.40 (95% CI 1.03–1.89) in the highest recalled call-time group, at least 1,640 hours. The authors identified recall and selection limitations. The collection’s 2007 paper describes the design; the numerical finding comes from 2010.",
    "request": "Evaluate high-use and long-duration findings separately from ever-use comparisons, with explicit analysis of recall, selection and exposure misclassification.",
    "q": "5–6, 8, 16"
  },
  {
    "id": "genetics",
    "n": 15,
    "cat": "Cancer",
    "kind": "Tumor molecular characterization · 2024",
    "title": "Compare the biology of the tumors",
    "citation": "Genetic profiling of rat gliomas and cardiac schwannomas from life-time radiofrequency radiation exposure study using a targeted next-generation sequencing gene panel. PLOS ONE. 2024. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0296699.",
    "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0296699",
    "finding": "Targeted sequencing examines the molecular characteristics of tumors from an RF exposure experiment and their relationship to human tumor biology. This extends interpretation of the tumors rather than supplying another independent exposure experiment.",
    "request": "Fund molecular comparisons of exposed-animal tumors and human tumors to test biological relevance and identify informative mechanisms.",
    "q": "16–18"
  },
  {
    "id": "yazd",
    "n": 16,
    "cat": "Reproduction",
    "kind": "Human observational cohort · 2025",
    "title": "Pregnancy: improve prospective exposure data",
    "citation": "Razavimoghadam M, et al. The association of widely used electromagnetic waves exposure and pregnancy and birth outcomes in Yazd women: a cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2025;25:427. doi:10.1186/s12884-025-07512-4.",
    "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12884-025-07512-4",
    "finding": "The cohort reported associations involving self-reported communication-device use and selected pregnancy or birth outcomes, including miscarriage. Prospective studies with measured RF dose can address the limitations of self-report and confounding.",
    "request": "Prioritize pregnancy cohorts with direct exposure measurement, prespecified outcomes and careful adjustment for other maternal and environmental factors.",
    "q": "8, 10–12, 16"
  },
  {
    "id": "children",
    "n": 8,
    "cat": "Children",
    "kind": "Computational dosimetry · 2018",
    "title": "Children need anatomically realistic testing",
    "citation": "Fernández C, et al. Absorption of wireless radiation in the child versus adult brain and eye from cell phone conversation or virtual reality. Environmental Research. 2018;167:694–699. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.05.013.",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29884550/",
    "finding": "Anatomical simulations found higher localized absorption in children’s brain and eye tissues for the modeled handset and virtual-reality configurations. The differences depend on anatomy, tissue and placement.",
    "request": "Require transparent age-specific dosimetry and evaluate real-world proximity and simultaneous transmitters when reviewing compliance testing and protections for children.",
    "q": "5, 7–9, 11"
  },
  {
    "id": "oxidative",
    "n": 10,
    "cat": "Mechanisms",
    "kind": "Experimental-literature review · 2016",
    "title": "Oxidative effects deserve a direct response",
    "citation": "Yakymenko I, et al. Oxidative mechanisms of biological activity of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 2016;35:186–202. doi:10.3109/15368378.2015.1043557.",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26151230/",
    "finding": "The review reported oxidative effects in 93 of 100 included studies and discussed reactive oxygen species, antioxidant defenses and oxidative DNA damage. The count describes this selected literature, not a pooled risk estimate.",
    "request": "Evaluate the underlying oxidative-stress experiments by dosimetry, temperature control, blinding and replication, and fund time-resolved redox measurements under realistic RF waveforms.",
    "q": "6, 12, 16"
  },
  {
    "id": "oxidative-chapter",
    "n": 11,
    "cat": "Mechanisms",
    "kind": "Scientific book chapter · 2022",
    "title": "Follow the redox pathway across systems",
    "citation": "Yakymenko I, Tsybulin O. Oxidative Stress Induced by Wireless Communication Electromagnetic Fields. In: Electromagnetic Fields of Wireless Communications: Biological and Health Effects. CRC Press. Published 2022, copyright 2023. doi:10.1201/9781003201052-6.",
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003201052-6",
    "extra": [
      "Publisher and contents",
      "https://www.routledge.com/link/link/p/book/9781032061757"
    ],
    "finding": "This chapter develops the oxidative-stress argument across cellular pathways and exposure conditions. It is a synthesis of experiments, so a detailed technical comment should also cite the individual experiments most relevant to its claim.",
    "request": "Study the relationship between exposure pattern, oxidative response and recovery, with preregistered endpoints and independent laboratory replication.",
    "q": "6, 12, 16"
  },
  {
    "id": "ion-channel",
    "n": 12,
    "cat": "Mechanisms",
    "kind": "Mechanistic synthesis · 2025",
    "title": "Ion channels as a testable coupling pathway",
    "citation": "Panagopoulos DJ, Yakymenko I, De Iuliis GN, Chrousos GP. A comprehensive mechanism of biological and health effects of anthropogenic extremely low frequency and wireless communication electromagnetic fields. Frontiers in Public Health. 2025;13:1585441. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1585441.",
    "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12179773/",
    "finding": "The authors propose ion-driven voltage-gated channel dysfunction as a route from structured fields to altered ionic balance and oxidative stress. This supplies a mechanism to test with exposure-specific measurements.",
    "request": "Test channel-gating predictions using measured fields, appropriate sham and temperature controls, channel perturbations, and downstream calcium and mitochondrial measurements.",
    "q": "5, 12, 16"
  },
  {
    "id": "rf-funding",
    "n": 9,
    "cat": "Independence",
    "kind": "Systematic review of sponsorship · 2007",
    "title": "RF research: sponsorship is measurable",
    "citation": "Huss A, et al. Source of funding and results of studies of health effects of mobile phone use: systematic review of experimental studies. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2007;115:1–4. doi:10.1289/ehp.9149.",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17366811/",
    "finding": "Across 59 experimental studies, exclusively industry-funded studies were less likely to report a statistically significant effect than publicly or charity-funded studies. The association persisted in adjusted analyses.",
    "request": "Require disclosure of funding and standards-setting roles, preregistration, accessible data and independent replication in the federal evidence program.",
    "q": "5, 16–17"
  },
  {
    "id": "elf-funding",
    "n": 4,
    "cat": "Independence",
    "kind": "ELF evidence and funding review · 2019",
    "title": "Research independence across the EMF field",
    "citation": "Carpenter DO. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and cancer: How source of funding affects results. Environmental Research. 2019;178:108688. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.108688.",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31476684/",
    "finding": "This review examines funding patterns and cancer findings for power-frequency magnetic fields. Its exposures are ELF, principally 50–60 Hz, rather than a direct test of cellphone RF.",
    "request": "Evaluate sponsorship and methodological choices transparently across the EMF literature while keeping ELF and RF exposure categories distinct.",
    "q": "5, 16–18"
  },
  {
    "id": "policy-review",
    "n": 6,
    "cat": "Standards",
    "kind": "Peer-reviewed policy review · 2025",
    "title": "From fragmented oversight to accountability",
    "citation": "Scarato T. U.S. policy on wireless technologies and public health protection: regulatory gaps and proposed reforms. Frontiers in Public Health. 2025;13:1677583. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1677583.",
    "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1677583/full",
    "finding": "The review assembles the history of U.S. RF policy and proposes stronger independent research, surveillance, compliance testing and protections for vulnerable groups.",
    "request": "Publish an interagency plan with responsible offices, research budgets, exposure-monitoring commitments and a public timetable for reviewing health-based protections.",
    "q": "5, 9–11, 16–17"
  },
  {
    "id": "environment",
    "n": 7,
    "cat": "Environment",
    "kind": "Ecosystem and policy review · 2025",
    "title": "The environment belongs in the record",
    "citation": "Flora and fauna: how nonhuman species interact with natural and man-made EMF at ecosystem levels and public policy recommendations. Frontiers in Public Health. 2025;13:1693873. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1693873.",
    "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1693873/full",
    "finding": "The review examines nonhuman species and ecological pathways, extending the inquiry beyond human tissue-heating benchmarks to species-specific exposure and response.",
    "request": "Fund ecological exposure assessment and replicated studies of sensitive species, and explain how wireless-infrastructure decisions evaluate environmental effects.",
    "q": "14–17"
  },
  {
    "id": "danish-registry",
    "n": 3,
    "cat": "Surveillance",
    "kind": "Cancer-registry report · 2023 data",
    "title": "Track tumor types, not just a pooled total",
    "citation": "Danish Health Data Authority. Nye kræfttilfælde i Danmark 2023. Cancer Registry report. Copy linked by RF Safe.",
    "url": "https://www.rfsafe.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Nye-kraefttilfaelde-i-Danmark-2023.pdf",
    "finding": "The report supplies population incidence data for examining age, tumor category and change over time. Registry surveillance and individual RF-exposure studies answer different questions.",
    "request": "Support histology-specific and age-specific cancer surveillance linked, where feasible, to reliable exposure histories and diagnostic and registration changes.",
    "q": "10, 16–17"
  },
  {
    "id": "colorectal",
    "n": 5,
    "cat": "Human evidence",
    "kind": "Preliminary conference abstract · 2024",
    "title": "Body placement: a hypothesis for follow-up",
    "citation": "Li DK, et al. Is Cellphone Carrying Below the Waist (Exposure to Non-Ionizing Radiation) Contributing to the Rapid Rise in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer? ISEE Conference Abstracts. 2024. doi:10.1289/isee.2024.1903.",
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1289/isee.2024.1903",
    "extra": [
      "Researcher-posted abstract",
      "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383147719_Is_Cellphone_Carrying_Below_the_Waist_Exposure_to_Non-Ionizing_Radiation_Contributing_to_the_Rapid_Rise_in_Early-Onset_Colorectal_Cancer"
    ],
    "finding": "The pilot abstract raises a question about habitual phone carrying and early-onset colorectal cancer. Its preliminary status calls for full reporting and replication before treating the association as an established risk estimate.",
    "request": "Collect device placement, transmission activity and duration in exposure cohorts, and investigate the pilot finding through adequately powered, independently replicated studies.",
    "q": "8–10, 16"
  }
]