Simultaneous Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) Systems and the Remote Electrical Neuromodulation (REN) Wearable for Patients with Comorbid Diabetes and Migraine: An Interventional Single-Arm Compatibility Study.

PAPER pubmed Journal of clinical medicine 2026 Other Effect: no_effect Evidence: Low

Read original paper → DOI: 10.3390/jcm15031097 PMID: 41682775 Evidence Lab

Abstract

Migraine and diabetes mellitus are highly prevalent chronic diseases, and their comorbidity presents management challenges, particularly when wearable medical technologies are used concurrently. Remote electrical neuromodulation (REN; Nerivio) is an FDA-cleared non-pharmacological migraine therapy, and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems are widely used in diabetes care. However, the safety and compatibility of simultaneous co-use have not yet been evaluated. This technical compatibility study aimed to assess whether REN operation affects CGM performance or interferes with glucose measurement integrity in diabetic adults. : Twenty-one adults with diabetes using Dexcom G6/G7 or FreeStyle Libre 2/3 participated in a single-arm interventional study. During a 45 min session, participants operated the REN and CGM devices simultaneously on their smartphones, and the REN device was paused three times to compare CGM readings between REN ON and RED OFF conditions. The primary outcome was the mean absolute relative difference (MARD), evaluated against a prespecified 5% threshold. Statistical analysis included the Wilcoxon test, with subgroup analysis by the CGM device family. The median MARD across all participants was 1.61% (IQR 0.84-2.44%), significantly below the 5% threshold ( < 0.001). All participants achieved MARD < 5%. Subgroup analyses were consistent: the median MARD was 1.70% (IQR 0.90-2.45%) for Dexcom and 1.05% (IQR 0.83-1.50%) for Abbott. No technical interference, Bluetooth disruptions, missed data transmission, or adverse events were observed. Simultaneous use of Nerivio REN and CGM systems in adults with diabetes is compatible and safe, with no evidence of interference or significant deviations in glucose readings. These findings support the integrated and reliable use of REN and CGM wearables in adults with diabetes managing comorbid conditions.

AI evidence extraction

At a glance

Study type

Other

Effect direction

no_effect

Population

Adults with diabetes (comorbid migraine context implied) using CGM systems

Sample size

Exposure

wearable (remote electrical neuromodulation) and CGM used simultaneously with smartphones/Bluetooth · 45 min session (REN paused three times to compare ON vs OFF)

Evidence strength

Low

Confidence: 74% · Peer-reviewed: yes

Main findings

In 21 adults using Dexcom G6/G7 or FreeStyle Libre 2/3, median MARD comparing CGM readings during REN ON vs OFF was 1.61% (IQR 0.84–2.44%), significantly below a prespecified 5% threshold (p < 0.001), and all participants had MARD < 5%. No technical interference, Bluetooth disruptions, missed data transmission, or adverse events were observed.

Outcomes measured

CGM performance/measurement integrity during REN operation
Mean absolute relative difference (MARD) between REN ON vs OFF conditions
Technical interference (Bluetooth disruptions, missed data transmission)
Adverse events

Limitations

Single-arm design (no separate control group)
Short, single 45-minute session

View raw extracted JSON

{
    "study_type": "other",
    "exposure": {
        "band": null,
        "source": "wearable (remote electrical neuromodulation) and CGM used simultaneously with smartphones/Bluetooth",
        "frequency_mhz": null,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": "45 min session (REN paused three times to compare ON vs OFF)"
    },
    "population": "Adults with diabetes (comorbid migraine context implied) using CGM systems",
    "sample_size": 21,
    "outcomes": [
        "CGM performance/measurement integrity during REN operation",
        "Mean absolute relative difference (MARD) between REN ON vs OFF conditions",
        "Technical interference (Bluetooth disruptions, missed data transmission)",
        "Adverse events"
    ],
    "main_findings": "In 21 adults using Dexcom G6/G7 or FreeStyle Libre 2/3, median MARD comparing CGM readings during REN ON vs OFF was 1.61% (IQR 0.84–2.44%), significantly below a prespecified 5% threshold (p < 0.001), and all participants had MARD < 5%. No technical interference, Bluetooth disruptions, missed data transmission, or adverse events were observed.",
    "effect_direction": "no_effect",
    "limitations": [
        "Single-arm design (no separate control group)",
        "Short, single 45-minute session"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7399999999999999911182158029987476766109466552734375,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "remote electrical neuromodulation",
        "REN",
        "Nerivio",
        "continuous glucose monitoring",
        "CGM",
        "Dexcom G6",
        "Dexcom G7",
        "FreeStyle Libre 2",
        "FreeStyle Libre 3",
        "Bluetooth",
        "wearables",
        "compatibility",
        "interference",
        "MARD"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": []
}

AI can be wrong. Always verify against the paper.

AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract/metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This content is for informational purposes only and is not medical advice.

Comments

No comments yet.