Sleep, Steps, and Screens: Between- and within-person effects of digital markers of daily life behaviors on smartphone-based assessments of cognitive functioning in depression.

Abstract

Cognitive impairment represents a core feature of major depressive disorder (MDD), often persisting after mood symptoms remit and not addressed by usual antidepressant treatments. Despite its relevance, cognition is typically assessed with infrequent tests in clinical settings, overlooking its contextual nature. Smartphones and wearables enable ecologically valid, repeated measurements of cognition and daily life behaviors that may impact it. We examined whether sleep duration, step count, and smartphone screen time are associated with cognitive functioning in MDD. We conducted secondary analyses of RADAR-MDD, a multicenter study following individuals with recurrent MDD. Cognitive functioning - self-reported and performance-based - was assessed with the THINC-it® app. Sleep duration and step count were measured with Fitbit devices, and screen time with the RADAR-Base app. Cognitive assessments (outcomes) were linked to behavioral measures (predictors) from the day of and the day preceding each assessment. Two-level multilevel models estimated between-person (differences in participant means) and within-person (deviations from participant means) effects. The sample included 502 participants, further subdivided by behavior-cognitive outcome pair. For performance-based cognitive assessments, positive associations at the between-person level were found for step count (β = 0.104, SE = 0.031, p < 0.001) and screen time (β = 0.075, SE = 0.036, p = 0.038), and sleep duration showed a quadratic negative effect (β = -0.080, SE = 0.018, p < 0.001). No within-person effects were detected. For self-reported cognitive functioning, step count showed positive associations both between (β = 0.161, SE = 0.037, p < 0.001) and within persons (β = 0.027, SE = 0.010, p = 0.005), while screen time was negatively associated within persons (β = -0.033, SE = 0.011, p = 0.002). Our findings illustrate that smartphones and wearables can collect meaningful daily life data of MDD patients that can be used to support cognitive health. Step count emerges as a promising behavioral target as it is simple to track and is correlated with better cognitive outcomes.

AI evidence extraction

Main findings

In 502 participants with recurrent MDD, between-person higher step count and higher screen time were positively associated with performance-based cognitive assessments, while sleep duration showed a quadratic negative association; no within-person effects were detected for performance-based outcomes. For self-reported cognition, step count was positively associated both between- and within-persons, while screen time was negatively associated within-persons.

Outcomes measured

• Cognitive functioning (performance-based) assessed with THINC-it® app
• Cognitive functioning (self-reported) assessed with THINC-it® app

Limitations

• Secondary analyses of an existing multicenter cohort (RADAR-MDD)
• Associations reported; causal inference not established in abstract
• Sample subdivided by behavior–cognitive outcome pair (exact subgroup sizes not provided)

{
    "study_type": "cohort",
    "exposure": {
        "band": null,
        "source": "smartphone/wearable use (screen time; Fitbit-measured behaviors)",
        "frequency_mhz": null,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": "day of and day preceding each cognitive assessment"
    },
    "population": "Individuals with recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD) in the RADAR-MDD multicenter study",
    "sample_size": 502,
    "outcomes": [
        "Cognitive functioning (performance-based) assessed with THINC-it® app",
        "Cognitive functioning (self-reported) assessed with THINC-it® app"
    ],
    "main_findings": "In 502 participants with recurrent MDD, between-person higher step count and higher screen time were positively associated with performance-based cognitive assessments, while sleep duration showed a quadratic negative association; no within-person effects were detected for performance-based outcomes. For self-reported cognition, step count was positively associated both between- and within-persons, while screen time was negatively associated within-persons.",
    "effect_direction": "mixed",
    "limitations": [
        "Secondary analyses of an existing multicenter cohort (RADAR-MDD)",
        "Associations reported; causal inference not established in abstract",
        "Sample subdivided by behavior–cognitive outcome pair (exact subgroup sizes not provided)"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "moderate",
    "confidence": 0.7399999999999999911182158029987476766109466552734375,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "major depressive disorder",
        "cognition",
        "THINC-it",
        "RADAR-MDD",
        "Fitbit",
        "screen time",
        "sleep duration",
        "step count",
        "smartphone-based assessment",
        "wearables",
        "multilevel models",
        "between-person effects",
        "within-person effects"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": []
}

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