The impact of sleep and movement behaviour on daily mood in people with type 2 diabetes: A smartphone-based digital phenotyping study.

PAPER pubmed Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association 2026 Cohort study Effect: mixed Evidence: Low

Read original paper → DOI: 10.1111/dme.70269 PMID: 41714862 Evidence Lab

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To examine how sleep and movement behaviours, measured on smartphones via ecological momentary assessment (EMA), GPS and accelerometer, impact subsequent daily mood in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to those without. METHODS: Sixty-one participants with (n = 32) and without (n = 29) T2D underwent 2 months of smartphone-based data collection through phone sensors (GPS, accelerometer) and EMAs. Daily sleep, movement and mood (happiness, sadness, stress, anger) were assessed. Dynamic structural equation modelling examined the impact of sleep and movement on subsequent mood, adjusted for age, gender and employment status. RESULTS: We found 18 significant within-person effects between smartphone-derived behaviour and subsequent mood, with 17 within-person effects indicating behaviour had a positive effect on mood. For people with and without T2D, higher physical activity, better sleep quality and visiting more locations predicted increased happiness, and higher physical activity predicted lower sadness. However, unique behaviour-mood effects were also found for each group, such as greater actigraphy-derived step count predicting greater anger in people with T2D (0.13 [0.05, 0.2]) but having no effect for those without. CONCLUSIONS: Though effects were small, results indicate smartphone-derived behaviour influences daily mood for both people with and without T2D, but that the nuances of these relationships may differ. If daily mood correlates differ between people with and without T2D, digital phenotyping for early detection and intervention may need to be tailored to those with T2D.

AI evidence extraction

At a glance

Study type

Cohort study

Effect direction

mixed

Population

Adults with type 2 diabetes and adults without type 2 diabetes

Sample size

Exposure

smartphone · 2 months

Evidence strength

Low

Confidence: 74% · Peer-reviewed: yes

Main findings

In 61 participants (32 with T2D; 29 without), dynamic structural equation modelling identified 18 significant within-person associations between smartphone-derived sleep/movement behaviours and subsequent daily mood; 17 associations indicated a positive effect on mood. In both groups, higher physical activity, better sleep quality, and visiting more locations predicted increased happiness, and higher physical activity predicted lower sadness; a group-specific finding was that higher step count predicted greater anger in people with T2D but not in those without.

Outcomes measured

Daily mood (happiness, sadness, stress, anger)
Sleep (daily sleep, sleep quality)
Movement/physical activity (accelerometer-derived activity, actigraphy-derived step count)
Mobility/locations visited (GPS-derived)

Limitations

Observational design; associations do not establish causality
Effects described as small
Exposure is smartphone-based sensing/EMA; no EMF/RF exposure metrics reported

View raw extracted JSON

{
    "study_type": "cohort",
    "exposure": {
        "band": null,
        "source": "smartphone",
        "frequency_mhz": null,
        "sar_wkg": null,
        "duration": "2 months"
    },
    "population": "Adults with type 2 diabetes and adults without type 2 diabetes",
    "sample_size": 61,
    "outcomes": [
        "Daily mood (happiness, sadness, stress, anger)",
        "Sleep (daily sleep, sleep quality)",
        "Movement/physical activity (accelerometer-derived activity, actigraphy-derived step count)",
        "Mobility/locations visited (GPS-derived)"
    ],
    "main_findings": "In 61 participants (32 with T2D; 29 without), dynamic structural equation modelling identified 18 significant within-person associations between smartphone-derived sleep/movement behaviours and subsequent daily mood; 17 associations indicated a positive effect on mood. In both groups, higher physical activity, better sleep quality, and visiting more locations predicted increased happiness, and higher physical activity predicted lower sadness; a group-specific finding was that higher step count predicted greater anger in people with T2D but not in those without.",
    "effect_direction": "mixed",
    "limitations": [
        "Observational design; associations do not establish causality",
        "Effects described as small",
        "Exposure is smartphone-based sensing/EMA; no EMF/RF exposure metrics reported"
    ],
    "evidence_strength": "low",
    "confidence": 0.7399999999999999911182158029987476766109466552734375,
    "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
    "keywords": [
        "type 2 diabetes",
        "digital phenotyping",
        "smartphone",
        "ecological momentary assessment",
        "EMA",
        "GPS",
        "accelerometer",
        "sleep",
        "physical activity",
        "mood",
        "dynamic structural equation modelling"
    ],
    "suggested_hubs": []
}

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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract/metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This content is for informational purposes only and is not medical advice.

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