References

Though to ascertain it we need to level the neuronal cell during their course of differentiation using different developmental stage-specific markers. Our results are in line with several earlier reports which have found significant neuronal degeneration in different brain regions after microwave exposure of varying frequencies, doses, and durations (Hasan et al., 2022; Kim et al., 2021; Salford et al., 2003; Sharma et al., 2019). Moreover, to understand the mechanism of neuron degeneration in the DG region we monitored the Pro-caspase3 protein, a terminal marker of the caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway.

Many researchers have focused on behavioral problems caused by RFR exposure, including learning and memory loss in rats (Lai et al., 1994; Wang and Lai, 2000). Hasan et al. suggested that 2400 MHz RF-EMR cell phone radiation affects the structural integrity of the hippocampus, resulting in behavioral changes such as anxiety (Hasan et al., 2022). Shahin et al. showed that 2.45 GHz MW radiation induces oxidative and nitrosative stress in the hippocampus and impairs learning and spatial memory by causing apoptosis of neuronal and non-neuronal cells (Shahin et al., 2015).

It was also seen that 3.5 GHz RFR caused degeneration in the brain of healthy rats, and more intensely so in diabetic rats. Similarly, Hasan et al. performed cresyl violet staining in their study and reported that abnormally sized and shaped pyramidal cells were observed in the brains of mice exposed to RFR (4 G, 2400 MHz, 40–60 min/day for 60 days), and degenerated neurons were densely present (Hasan et al., 2022). There are many studies in the literature that provide evidence that RFR affects the central nervous system in the frequency range of 900–2400 MHz.